Basil

Ocimum basilicum

The sweet, clove-and-anise scented leaf of summer — at its best torn fresh over tomatoes and never cooked for long.

Antioxidant · Digestion · Kitchen spice

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Black Pepper

Piper nigrum

The king of spices, best ground fresh at the table — and a quiet booster of how much of some nutrients and drugs your body absorbs.

Antioxidant · Digestion · Kitchen spice

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Cardamom

Elettaria cardamomum

Little green pods of sweet, eucalyptus-bright perfume — the soul of chai, Arabic coffee and Scandinavian buns.

Digestion · Kitchen spice · Tea

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Cayenne

Capsicum annuum

The fiery red pepper whose burn is also a painkiller — rubbed on as a cream, it quietens overactive nerves.

First aid · Joints · Kitchen spice

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Cinnamon

Cinnamomum verum

The bark that launched trade empires — with a genuine but modest effect on blood sugar, and one important safety catch.

Antioxidant · Blood sugar · Kitchen spice

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Clove

Syzygium aromaticum

Fiercely aromatic dried flower buds that warm mulled wine and gingerbread — and numb an aching tooth in a pinch.

Antioxidant · First aid · Kitchen spice

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Coriander / Cilantro

Coriandrum sativum

One plant, two kitchens: bright citrusy leaves that some people swear taste of soap, and warm seeds that soothe a bloated belly.

Digestion · Kitchen spice

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Cumin

Cuminum cyminum

The warm, earthy seed behind curries, chilli and falafel — best bloomed in hot oil until it crackles and smells toasty.

Digestion · Kitchen spice

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Fennel

Foeniculum vulgare

Crisp aniseed bulb, feathery fronds and sweet digestive seeds — one plant that covers salad, spice rack and after-dinner tea.

Digestion · Food plant · Kitchen spice

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Fenugreek

Trigonella foenum-graecum

The maple-scented seed of curry blends — studied for blood sugar, cholesterol and milk supply, and famous for making you smell faintly of syrup.

Blood sugar · Kitchen spice · Lactation

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Ginger

Zingiber officinale

The world's most trusted remedy for a queasy stomach, with the clinical trials to back it up.

Digestion · Kitchen spice · Nausea

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Nutmeg

Myristica fragrans

The warm, sweet spice that once caused wars — lovely by the pinch, genuinely poisonous by the spoonful.

Digestion · Kitchen spice

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Oregano

Origanum vulgare

The sun-baked Mediterranean herb that tastes better dried than fresh — and whose concentrated oil is a very different thing.

Antioxidant · Digestion · Kitchen spice

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Parsley

Petroselinum crispum

Far more than a garnish — eat parsley by the handful and it becomes a fresh, green, vitamin-rich salad herb.

Food plant · Kitchen spice · Urinary

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Rosemary

Salvia rosmarinus

The Mediterranean shrub scholars have worn for memory since ancient Greece — and modern studies keep finding they were onto something.

Focus · Kitchen spice · Memory

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Saffron

Crocus sativus

The world's costliest spice — hand-picked crimson threads with a surprisingly respectable body of research on low mood.

Antioxidant · Kitchen spice · Mood

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Sage

Salvia officinalis

Velvety grey-green leaves with a bold, piney flavour — a classic sore-throat gargle, and a herb to respect in concentrated form.

Colds · Kitchen spice · Memory

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Thyme

Thymus vulgaris

A tough little woody herb that flavours slow-cooked food beautifully and has soothed coughs across Europe for centuries.

Colds · Kitchen spice · Respiratory

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Turmeric

Curcuma longa

The golden rhizome behind curry's colour — and one of the most researched anti-inflammatory plants on earth.

Anti-inflammatory · Joints · Kitchen spice

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